On 8 January 1912 the first meeting of what would become the seminal anti-apartheid organization was held in Waaihoek, South Africa. The South African Native National Congress would become the African National Congress in 1923 and would later become known as the party of Nelson Mandela. The men (and one woman) who founded the …
DictTheophan (Fan) Noli founded the Albanian Orthodox Church, served as Prime Minister for a short period in the pre-Zogian Albanian government, and was one of the founders of Vatra – the advocacy organization of Albanians abroad. Depending on who is keeping score, these may have been the least of his accomplishments. He was a polyglot, …
The first mass market portable camera was invented by George Eastman in 1888. It used celluloid film to allow everyday people to capture everyday moments in their lives. Anyone could document anything. Eastman changed the world. He democratized it. He flattened command structures all around the world with his invention. Now normal people could participate …
Briefly, from the start of the revolution on 23 October 1956 and the ceasefire with the Soviet Union on 28 October, it looked as though Hungary would be allowed self-determination. On 4 November 1956 it became utterly clear that such a possibility was an absolute impossibility as Soviet tanks entered Budapest. Although it took another …
On 16 February 1971 his cremated remains were returned to Budapest and buried in a grave marked only with his initials. Not included on his epitaph, although he frequently proudly proclaimed it in public, was “Stalin’s Best Hungarian Disciple.” In the end, it was his dogged clinging to Stalinism which sealed his fate. The future …
Ox”The struggle now is for everything,” Greek Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas, 28 October 1940. At 3:00 in the morning on 28 October 1940, the Italian ambassador in Athens delivered a message to the Greek government. Allow the Italian army to enter Greece and occupy strategic positions, it said, or there will be war. “Alors, c’est …
It takes a great man to turn a Duchy into a Kingdom, and for the medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina that man was Tvrtko I. Not that the lead up to his crowning was uneventful or easy; on the contrary, Tvrtko overcame enormous odds sandwiched between two great powers to wrest away the wild and mountainous …
The Battle of Kumanovo, on 23 October 1912, marked the end of the Ottoman Empire in Europe – even if the Ottomans didn’t quite fully accept the loss until May 1913. It was a victory that shocked the Great Powers of Europe; that the small and seemingly backward nations of the Balkans- long viewed as …
When the Mau Mau leader Dedan Kimathi was captured on 21 October 1956, the military portion of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya was effectively over. That did not end the British system of camps, called the “Pipeline“, nor did it end the systemized torture torture and brutality that played a large role in quelling …
It was a photograph of a terrifying new disease. Just some flowing strands of genetic material, strangely graceful in the micrograph. It was almost beautiful, not seeming at all like something that could condemn its victims to a bloody and brutal death within two weeks. It was the first look the world had of the …
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